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A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is the foundation of most electronic devices, providing both mechanical support and electrical connections for components using copper traces on an insulating substrate. PCBs are made by layering copper and insulating materials, then etching away excess copper to create the desired circuit patterns. Components are attached using through-hole or surface-mount technology. The manufacturing process includes design, fabrication, assembly, and testing to ensure functionality. PCBs can be single-sided, double-sided, or multi-layered, and are essential in everything from consumer electronics to industrial equipment.
